What is TCP/IP Protocol?

Protocol is a pre defined set of rules. When nations conduct business between them then they follow certain rules so that everything proceeds smoothly. Similarly if one computer is communicating with another one then they both must follow a pre defined set of rules called protocol. If they follow the protocol properly then only message will be transferred from one machine to other,regardless of what type of machines they are and what operating systems they run. Communications are possible with the help of a software that can manage the protocol. That software is nothing but TCP/IP.

TCP/IP is a software based communications protocol that provides network services such as remote logins,remote file transfers, and electronic mail. It transfers information from one machine to another. It provides reliable transfer of data. TCP/IP handle errors in transmission.manage the routing of data,manage the delivery of data and control the transmission by the use of predetermined status signals. TCP/IP was designed with layers. TCP/IP responsible for assembling data passed from higher layer applications into standard packets and ensuring that the data is transferred correctly.

TCP/IP is a combination of two protocols transmission control protocol and Internet protocol. Internet protocol is responsible for moving the packets of data assembled by TCP across networks. It uses a set of unique addresses(IP Addresses)for every device on the network to determine routing and destinations. Internet protocol main tasks are addressing of datagrams of information between computers and managing the fragmentation process of these datagrams. The protocol has a formal definition of the layout of a datagram of information and the information of a header composed of information about the datagram. IP is responsible for the routing of a datagram and determines where it will be sent .

IP does not guarantee datagram's delivery. It has no reliability. It simply handles the routing of datagrams. If problem occurs IP discards the packet and generate an ICMP error message to the sender. But TCP takes the charge if problems occur. TCP provides reliable transfer of data. TCP is responsible for ensuring the transfer of a datagram from the source to the destination machine and receive acknowledge receipt of the datagram from the destination machine.

Note: Articles on Windows NT,Windows 2000 Server,Windows 2003 Server will come soon on my blog under the same NETWORKING section.

What is a Wide Area Network?

Introduction:

A set of computers and peripherals connected together by a medium is called a network. All these devices on the netwok communicate with each other through a protocol. All these devices on a netwok can be in the same room or scattered through a building or scattered in different buildings or different cities. All these devices can be separated by many miles by the use of dedicated telephone lines or microwave etc.

Peripherals are nothing but Printers,Scanners,Modems,Plotters etc.
Protocol is a predefined set of rules.

Wide area network:

If these devices on a network are scattered in different buildings,or different cities and these devices setup into several LAN's that are joined together into a larger structure called a Wide area network(WAN).

A Wan is composed of two or more Lan's. All these Lan's joined by a telephone line or dedicated cable. One or more machines act as the link between each Lan and Wan. These linking machines are called gateways. Depending on tasks perfomed by these linking machines,they are also called as Router and Bridge.

We all know Internet is not a single network. Internet is a collection of networks that communicate with each other through gateways.Gateways act as a relay between networks. It passes data from network to network searching for a destination address. Networks talk to each other through gateways. Gateways perform protocol translation from one network to another.

Bridge connects two or more networks that use the same protocol.

Router forwards datagrams around the network.

Note: Articles on Windows NT,Windows 2000 Server,Windows 2003 Server will come soon on my blog under the same NETWORKING section.

What is a Local Area Network?

Introduction:

A set of computers and peripherals connected together by a medium is called a network. All these devices on the netwok communicate with each other through a protocol. All these devices on a netwok can be in the same room or scattered through a building or scattered in different buildings or different cities. All these devices can be separated by many miles by the use of dedicated telephone lines or microwave etc.

Peripherals are nothing but Printers,Scanners,Modems,Plotters etc.
Protocol is a predefined set of rules.

Local Area Network:

If the devices on a network are located in a single place such as a building or a group of rooms,they are called a local area network. Usually all these devices on the network are connected by a single type of network cable in Lan's.

LAN Topologies:

The main dominant Lan topologies are Bus,Hub(Star) and ring.

Bus Topology:

Bus network consists of a single linear cable called a Bus(or Backbone). Each device is attached to this backbone through a junction box or transceiver. From each transceiver another short cable runs to the device's netwok adapter. Signal bounce is eliminated by a terminator at each end of the bus. Barrel connectors can be used to lengthen the cable. For regenerating signals Repeaters are used.Each device has a special address. Data is sent to all devices on the backbone. Each device examines every packet and accepts only messages addressed to them.

Main advantage of bus network is that it allows for a high speed bus. But performance degrades when more devices are added to the bus. Bus topology is good for small network. The entire network goes down if the backbone goes down.

Hub Topology:

This network uses a main cable called the backplane. From the backplane set of cables goes to hubs. All devices are connected to the ports of these hubs. We can set up small hub network with standard Ethernet cables. Also we can set up large hub network by using a high speed fibre optic backplane.The hub networks are easy to set up and maintain.

In this network all devices are connected by cable segments to a centralized hub. Signal travels through the hub to all the computers. The network functions normally if a computer goes down. This network requires more cable.

Ring Topology:

All the devices are connected on a single circle of cable. No termination required as in Bus topology. For regenerating signals no repeaters are used. The computers act as repeaters. The Ring networks are easy to set up and maintain.

Note: Articles on Windows NT,Windows 2000 Server,Windows 2003 Server will come soon on my blog under the same NETWORKING section.

How to make stock charts open in www.nseindia.com,www.bseindia.com and any other Web sites for Windows Xp users?

For any serious stock investor stock charts are very important. Before buying or selling stocks,stock investors analyze stock charts. After analyzing the charts they will take decision whether to buy,sell or not. So stock charts are one of the key points at the time of buying or selling stocks.

Unfortunately for Windows Xp users stock charts are not opening from nseindia.com,bseindia.com and some other sites. By default Win Xp is bundled with internet Explore 6.0. Unfortunately Sun Micro systems withdrawn support of J2SE Runtime Environment(JRE) to Win Xp. So java applications like stock charts are not opening for windows Xp users.

We have to download that software JRE 5.0 Update 9 for running stock charts. Go to http://java.sun.com site. On the main page you will find Downloads tab. Click downloads. Under Java technology click java SE. In this window you will find Java Run time environment(JRE) 5.0 Update 9. By the side of it you will find Download button. Just click it. In this window click the radio button “Accept license agreement”. Below this button you will find Windows Platform - J2SE Runtime Environment 5.0 Update 9. Below this you will find two files. You can download any one of the two files.

First file will download complete(JRE) 5.0 Update 9 software. After downloading this file you can install it.

Where as second file downloads only application file(245.76 kb). First download it. Then double click that file and install JRE from net. So while installing your computer must be connected to internet.

Thank You for visiting my Blog.

HAPPY INVESTMENT

Submit Site to Google,Yahoo,MSN Search and all other Search Engines. Submission is Free and Easy

Open www.google.com. At the top right hand corner of the page you will find Sign in link. Click that link. Then Google Accounts page will come. First create Google Account. So click create an account now link. Then it will ask your current email address and ask to choose some password for google account. After giving all details click create my account link.

Then Google will send verification link to your email address. First open your email box and click the verification link then only Google will activate your account. So your account is created.

open https://www.google.com/webmasters/sitemap. Then sign in to your account by giving email and password. Then in your account you will find add site box. Type your website in that box and click OK. It will ask site map also. If you have sitemap then give it. If you donot have sitemap then no problem. Forget about Sitemap. Google will take it's own time for indexing your webpages in Google. It depends on your website type,designing etc.

For one of my websites Google has taken just one day for indexing my pages. I have submitted my second site 5 days back. Still Google kept it in pending. So for this site it will take it's own time for indexing my pages.

Check your account regularly whether your site is accepted by Google or not. I will tell you simple check. Open www.google.com. In the search box type your website and click search. If Google shows your site in search results then your site is accepted by Google. If google does not show your site then your site is still not accepted by Google.

For submitting your site to Yahoo, open http://search.yahoo.com. You will find link at the bottom right corner of the page. Click submit your site link. In that page click submit your site for free link. Then it will ask Your yahoo ID and password. Type your yahoo ID and password and sign in. In that page it will ask submit url. Type your complete url and submit it. In the same page you can submit your site feed also. If you donot know your site feed no problem forget about it. Yahoo also take it's own time for indexing your pages.

For submitting your site to MSN Search open www.live.com site. In Live Search box Type your site and click search. In that page it will give message: we did not find your site. In the same page at bottom you will find link send the address to us. Click that link then type your url and submit it. Very simple. MSN also take it's own time for indexing your pages.

For submitting your site to 100+ search Engines, Open http://www.submitplus.com. In that page you will find links Free Top 10!, Free Best 100! First click Free Top 10! Link. Then type your URL and Email in the given boxes and click submit button. Then your site will be submitted to 10 search engines at free of cost.

Now click Best 100 link. Then in that page you will find select your engines. Click on that and choose pages 1-20. Then in another small window it shows 20 search engines with submit links. Submit your site to one by one by giving the details asked by that particular search engine. But in these lists some search engines are paid sites. So leave paid search engines and submit your site to free search engines. Try to submit your site to all given 100 search engines.If you want to submit your site to some more search engines then do like this. Open http://www.google.com. Then in the search box type search engines then click search. Google will show so many search engines. You just open every search engine site and check for submit your site link. Then submit your site to that particular search engine. This only requires a lot of patience. So you can submit your site to a lot of search engines freely. O.K !